The STM32 Nucleo boards are the official Development Boards from STMicroelectronics. It features the ARM Cortex M4 32-bit STM32F401RET6 microcontroller which is in LQFP64 package.
Beaglebone Black is no less than a computer. Yes, you read it right. It is packed with everything you find on a desktop or a laptop. A powerful processor, memory, and graphic acceleration, all shrunken down as chips and soldered into a single circuit board.
ARDUINO DUE board is one of the most powerful development boards in the ARDUINO series. DUE board not only has tons of features but also has terrific processing speed making it suitable for advanced applications.
ARDUINO PRO MINI board is one of the application boards. Since it is an application board, it does not have an in-built programmer. USB port and other connectors are also removed. Because once it is placed in an application, programmer and connectors are basically useless.