ATMega16 - 8-Bit AVR Microcontroller

21 March 2018 - 0 Comments

ATMega16 Microcontroller

ATMega16 Pin Diagram

ATMEGA16 Pin Configuration

PIN NO.	PIN NAME	DESCRIPTION	ALTERNATE FUNCTION
1	PB0(XCK/T0)	Pin 0 of PORTB	T0( Timer0 External Counter Input) XCK ( USART External Clock I/O)
2	PB1(T1)	Pin 1 of PORTB	T1(Timer1 External Counter Input)
3	PB2(INT2/AIN0)	Pin 2 of PORTB	AIN0(Internal Analog Comparator Positive Input) INT2( External Interrupt 2 Input)
4	PB3(OC0/AIN1)	Pin 3 of PORTB	AIN1(Internal Analog Comparator Negative Input) OC0 (Timer0 Output Compare Match Output) or PWM output
5	PB4(SS )	Pin 4 of PORTB	SS (SPI Slave Select Input). This pin is low when controller acts as slave. [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming]
6	PB5(MOSI)	Pin 5 of PORTB	MOSI (Master Output Slave Input). When controller acts as slave, the data is received by this pin. [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming]
7	PB6(MISO)	Pin 6 of PORTB	MISO (Master Input Slave Output). When controller acts as slave, the data is sent to master through this pin. [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming]
8	PB7(SCK)	Pin 7 of PORTB	SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock). This is the clock shared between this controller and other system for accurate data transfer. [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming]
9	RESET	Reset Pin (Active Low Reset)
10	VCC	Connected to +5V
11	GND	Connected to GROUND
12	XTAL2	Connected to Crystal Oscillator
13	XTAL1	Connected to Crystal Oscillator
14	PD0(RXD)	Pin 0 of PORTD	RXD (USART Input Pin) [USART Serial Communication Interface can be used for programming]
15	PD1(TXD)	Pin 1 of PORTD	TXD (USART Output Pin) [USART Serial Communication Interface can be used for programming]
16	PD2(INT0)	Pin 2 of PORTD	External Interrupt INT0
17	PD3(INT1)	Pin 3 of PORTD	External Interrupt INT1
18	PD4(OC1B)	Pin 4 of PORTD	OC1B (Timer Output Compare Match Output) or PWM output
19	PD5(OC1A)	Pin 5 of PORTD	OC1A (Timer Output Compare Match Output) or PWM output
20	PD6(ICP)	Pin 6 of PORTD	Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin
21	PD7 (OC2)	Pin 7 of PORTD	Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match Output
22	PC0 (SCL)	Pin 0 of PORTC	TWI Interface
23	PC1 (SDA)	Pin 1 of PORTC	TWI Interface
24	PC2 (TCK)	Pin 2 of PORTC	JTAG Interface
25	PC3 (TMS)	Pin 3 of PORTC	JTAG Interface
26	PC4 (TDO)	Pin 4 of PORTC	JTAG Interface
27	PC5 (TDI)	Pin 5 of PORTC	JTAG Interface
28	PC6 (TOSC1)	Pin 6 of PORTC	Timer Oscillator Pin 1
29	PC7 (TOSC2)	Pin 7 of PORTC	Timer Oscillator Pin 2
30	AVcc	Vcc for Internal ADC Converter
31	GND	GROUND
32	AREF	Analog Reference Pin for ADC
33	PA7 (ADC7)	Pin 7 of PORTA	ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Channel 7
34	PA6 (ADC6)	Pin 6 of PORTA	ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Channel 6
35	PA5 (ADC5)	Pin 5 of PORTA	ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Channel 5
36	PA4 (ADC4)	Pin 4 of PORTA	ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Channel 4
37	PA3 (ADC3)	Pin 3 of PORTA	ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Channel 3
38	PA2 (ADC2)	Pin 2 of PORTA	ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Channel 2
39	PA1 (ADC1)	Pin 1 of PORTA	ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Channel 1
40	PA0 (ADC0)	Pin 0 of PORTA	ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Channel 0

ATMEGA16 Features

ATMEGA16 – Simplified Features
CPU	8-bit AVR
Number of Pins	40
Operating Voltage	For ATMEGA16:+4.5 to +5.5 V (+5.5V being absolute maximum) For ATMEGA16L:+2.7 to 5.5V(+5.5V being absolute maximum)
Number of Input/output pins	32
Communication Interface	JTAG Interface(24,25,26,27 PINS)[Can be used for programming this controller] SPI Serial Interface(5,6,7,8 PINS) [Can be used for programming this controller] Programmable Serial USART(14,15 PINS) [Can be used for programming this controller] Two-wire Serial Interface(22,23 PINS)[Can be used to connect peripheral devices like sensors and servos]
ADC Module	8 channels , 10-bit resolution ADC
Timer Module	Two 8-bit counters, One 16-bit counter [Total three]
Analog Comparators	1
DAC Module	Nil
PWM channels	4
External Oscillator	0-8MHz for ATMEGA16L 0-16MHz for ATMEGA16
Internal Oscillator	0-8MHz Calibrated Internal Oscillator
Program Memory Type	Flash
Program Memory	16Kbytes[10000 write/erase cycles]
CPU Speed	16 MIPS
RAM Bytes	1KBytes
Data EEPROM	512 Bytes
Watchdog Timer	Yes
Power Save Modes	Six Modes[Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and Extended Standby]
Operating Temperature	-55°C to +125°C(+125 being absolute maximum, -55 being absolute minimum)

ATMEGA16 Electrical Characteristics

Maximum voltage on any pin except RESET : -0.5V to ( Vcc + 0.5)V
Maximum voltage on RESET pin : -0.5V to +13.0V
Maximum DC current allowed through any I/O pin : 40mA
Maximum DC current through Vcc and GND pins: 200mA
Storage temperature:-65ºC to +150ºC

ATMEGA16 Replacements

ATMEGA32, ATMEGA8535

ATMEGA16 Alternatives

ATMEGA8, ATMEGA328p

Where to use ATMEGA16

ATMEGA16 microcontroller is one of the popular controllers in AVR series. With its features and purchase cost, it became one of favorite controller for both hobbyists and engineers. ATMEGA16 programming is similar to any other AVR controller. It is particularly a clone to ATMEGA32 except for the memory. Although it has only half the memory of ATMEGA32, it is still more than enough to satisfy most EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.

ATMEGA16 has also sleep modes. The modes can be triggered at desired times to save power. With various sleep modes on board ATMEGA16 can work on MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.

ATMEGA16 has 32 programmable Input/output pins, with them ATMEGA16 can interface many peripherals easily.

ATMEGA16 has also programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator. With this Watchdog timer to reset under error the controller can be used on applications where human interference in minimal.

How to Use ATMEGA16 Microcontroller

As mentioned earlier ATMEGA16 is similar to any other microcontroller and in particular ATMEGA32. It basically can perform any function that is performed by ATMEGA32. Similar to them it is not Plug and Play digital ICs. For working of ATMEGA16, first we need to save the program HEX code in ATMEGA16 FLASH MEMORY. After executing this code, ATMEGA16 creates the desired response.

Entire process of using an ATMEGA16 goes like this:

List the functions to be executed by ATMEGA16 in a paper.
Next download program developing application (called IDE) for AVR controllers

(Usually Atmel Studio 6.2 for Windows7,

Atmel Studio 7 for Windows10 [ http://www.microchip.com/avr-support/avr-and-sam-downloads-archive ])

Write the functions in ‘C’ language in IDE.
After writing the program compile it in IDE. This eliminates errors.
Make IDE application to generate HEX file for the written program after compiling.
Choose the programming device (usually SPI programmer made for AVR controllers) which establishes communication between your Personal Computer and ATMEGA16.
Run the HEX file burning software which is given for the chosen programming device.
Choose the appropriate program HEX file in the programmer software.
Burn the HEX file (Which contains program in the form of HEX code) in ATMEGA16 flash memory using this program.

Disconnect the programmer, connect the appropriate peripherals for the controller and power the system. With this ATMEGA16 executes the program and provides the response written in the saved program.